Al-biruni inventions
An English translation has been made by E. Kennedy, but publication awaits completion of the commentary. References to the Shadows made in the article are to page and line of the Published text. The Arabic text was published by P. Translated into Russian by P. Bulgakov as Geodeziya, vol. Transits RG Secondary Literature. Works referred to paren thetically in the text, by author and page, are W.
Barthold, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion , 2nd ed. London, ; E. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
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January 8, Retrieved January 08, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. Abu Rayhan al-Biruni ca. His teacher in astronomy and mathematics was the eminent Abu Nasr Mansur, a member of the family then ruling at Kath.
Al-Biruni made several observations with a meridian ring at Kath in his youth. In the attack on the ruler of Khwarizm by the ruler of Jurjaniya drove al-Biruni into exile, presumably to Rayy, where he discussed with the astronomer al-Khujandi the latter's observations with a mural sextant. AlBiruni later wrote a treatise on this instrument and gave a detailed account of the observations in his Tahdid.
In al-Biruni returned to Kath, where he observed a lunar eclipse that Abu al-Wafa observed in Baghdad; on the basis of the time difference they determined the longitudinal difference between the two cities, one of the few instances in which this method, the only secure one available in antiquity, is known to have been applied.
During the next few years al-Biruni seems to have visited the Samanid court at Bukhara, as well as the court of the Ispahbad of Gilan.
Al biruni biography in urdu
But he was busy collecting the enormous mass of information on the chronology of the ancient nations of Europe and Asia that he dedicated to the Ziyarid prince of Gurgan in and that in English is known simply as the Chronology. This remains the most significant source for the various Iranian calendars and for much of the history of central Asia. By al-Biruni was in Jurjaniya.
He became a prominent figure at the Jurjaniya court, being often employed as a diplomat and as a spokesman for the throne. He continued, however, making his astronomical observations under the Shah's patronage. But the Shah had increasing difficulties with his brother-in-law, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Finally, in Mahmud conquered Khwarizm and carried off al-Biruni as a prize of war.
Al-Biruni was sent to the region near Kabul, where he commenced making observations in In and Mahmud conducted highly successful expeditions into India, and al-Biruni availed himself of the opportunity to learn some Sanskrit though not as much as is generally thought; he depended heavily on pundits to translate for him , studying especially Indian astronomy, astrology, chronology, and social customs.
Most of his extant works were written in the s and s and reflect his interest in, and growing knowledge of, the Sanskrit astronomical texts current in the Punjab. These include On Shadows ca. These are fundamental texts for the history of Islamic and Indian astronomy of the 8thth centuries because of al-Biruni's extensive citations of earlier texts; they are also full of reports of al-Biruni's own observations, which are among the best made in the medieval period.
He was not always as successful in his calculations. Till his death soon after in Afghanistan, al-Biruni continued to write, turning his attention to problems of specific gravity , gemology, pharmacology, and Indian philosophy the Patanjali , among other subjects. It is not clear when he wrote the Tafhim, his most important work on astrology.
In all, the bibliography he himself drew up lists titles, and this list can be expanded to ; 22 are extant. He was, then, a most prolific author, and throughout his work, all of which is extremely technical, he maintained the highest standards of competence. He well deserved the epithet "Master" bestowed on him by his admiring contemporaries.
Many of al-Biruni's extant writings have not been published. He has been the object of many intensive studies, but the results are scattered among various scholarly journals. Some idea of the range of this scholarship can be gained from the volume issued by the Iran Society of Calcutta on the occasion of the thousandth lunar year since his birth, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume Said, Hakim Mohammad.
Al-Biruni, born Abu'l-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Biruni, an outstanding eleventh-century astrologer whose writings compiled the astrological teachings of several cultures. Al-Biruni was born in Uzbek, a country until recently a part of the former Soviet Union , located just north of Iran and Afghanistan. He grew up under the multicultural influences of Persia , India , and the Greek empire of Alexander.
Here Zoroastrian and Manichean teaching mingled with Hinduism and emerging Islam. In the areas of astronomy, mathematics, and astrology, this area of the world, making the transition to Islam, was far ahead of Europe , then only beginning to recover its classical tradition. As a young man, Al-Biruni began to travel through Persia, Afghanistan, and India and to gather the material for one of his important books, Chronologies of Ancient Nations, detailing the histories of the peoples of the area.
It was completed near the end of the century. Around he settled in his native land for a decade until the ruler who was also his patron was overthrown and the nobility was exiled. Al-Biruni then lived in India for an extended time and wrote a volume on the people of the Indus Valley as well as his most remembered text, The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology, generally called the Tafhim.
The Tafhim, designed as an introductory textbook for the young astrologer, addresses all of the subjects an astrologer would be expected to have mastered, including mathematics, geography, history, and astronomy, all of which are treated before any consideration of astrology. Al-Biruni picked up this learning from the foundational Tetrabiblos of Ptolemy , upon which astrology is built, and he compared Persian astrology with its Hindu counterpart.
The Tafhim was reproduced and widely circulated in Southern Asia and found its way to Europe, where it was read three centuries later by Guido Bonati and influenced his important Liber Astronomie. It was translated into English in by R. Ramsey Wright. London: Luzac, The Chronologies of Ancient Nations.
Translated by Edward Sachau. London: W. Allen, The Importance of Geography. It is desired by princes and noble personages, sought for by judges and doctors of law, the delight of commoners and men of rank. Intellectual Achievements. Born in Khalwarizm, Khorasan in present-day Turkmenistan , al-Biruni was considered one of the foremost Persian scholars and scientists of his age.
Writing in Arabic, he could also speak Turkish, Persian, Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Syriac, and in addition to his geographical works, he wrote on astrology, mathematics, physics, medicine, and history. Royal Geographer. In al-Biruni was captured during a war with the sultanate of Ghazna in Afghanistan and was made royal geographer to Sultan Mahmud.
While traveling with the sultan on military expeditions he became an expert on the peoples, cultures, and physical geography of India, writing Tahqiq al-Hind Facts About India, circa Geographical Writings. In his works on geography al-Biruni discussed the roundness of the Earth and gave latitudes and longitudes of many places. Despite political divisions, Muslim lands represented a vast territory of common culture in which travel and research could take place.
Now we find a host of places which in the Ptolemaic Geography are indicated as lying to the east of other places, actually situated to the west of the others named, and vice versa. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. Abu Rayhan al-Biruni gale. Further Reading Many of al-Biruni's extant writings have not been published.
Additional Sources Said, Hakim Mohammad. Al-Biruni gale. Al-Biruni Al-Biruni, born Abu'l-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Biruni, an outstanding eleventh-century astrologer whose writings compiled the astrological teachings of several cultures. Sources: Al-Biruni. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Sources D.
Muslim scholar of wide-ranging interests, not least in other religions. On this basis, he developed work of his own on a wide scale, particularly, but by no means exclusively, in astronomy. More From encyclopedia.
Al-khwarizmi: Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni / ælbɪˈruːni / (Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني; – after ), [5] known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian [6] scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.
Main article: Alberuni's India. Selection of extant works. Babur: Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor, — Cambridge University Press. ISBN Bosworth, C. In Boyle, J. Page 7: "The Iranian scholar al-Biruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC " page "the Khwarazmian al-Biruni'" Frye, Richard Nelson February The Golden Age of Persia.
Al biruni biography
Phoenix Publishing, Incorporated. The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. Erexsha'a death or self sacrifice in Italian. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August In Our Time.
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Pharmacology and Mineralogy". Ataman, Kemal Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Routledge : — Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Washington, D. Berjak, Rafik; Muzaffar, Iqbal Sachau, Eduard ed. OCLC History of Religion". Edmund Covington, Richard Aramco World. Retrieved 6 March Springer Nature. Hannam, James London: Icon. Hodgson, Marshall G.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Huth, John Edward Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Levey, Martin Brill Archive. Kamaruzzaman, Kamar Oniah Intellectual Discourse. Kaminski, Joseph J. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. Kennedy, E. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Kennedy, Edward Stewart In Frye, R.
The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Khan, M. ISSN Kraus, Paul, ed. Zakariya ar-Razi in French. This immersive experience culminated in a comprehensive treatise on Indian philosophical systems, including the Sankhya theory and cosmic evolution. Notably, this work featured the celebrated legend of the sage, the king, and the grains of wheat, which laid the foundation for the popular board games of chess and checkers.
As Al-Biruni approached his end on December 9th, , in the city of Ghazni, his mind remained sharp.
Despite his feeble state, he engaged in scholarly discussions. In his final request to his friends, he inquired about methods of calculating dishonest profits. His unwavering pursuit of knowledge continued until his last breath, departing the world with the satisfaction of having extinguished his intellectual thirst. Al-Biruni's extraordinary contributions to science and scholarship continue to inspire generations.
His Masudic canon contains a table giving the coordinates of six hundred places, almost all of which he had direct knowledge. Not all, however, were measured by al-Biruni himself, some being taken from a similar table given by al-Khwarizmi. The author of [ 27 ] remarks that al-Biruni seemed to realise that for places given by both al-Khwarizmi and Ptolemy , the value obtained by al-Khwarizmi is the more accurate.
Al-Biruni also wrote a treatise on time-keeping, wrote several treatises on the astrolabe and describes a mechanical calendar. He makes interesting observations on the velocity of light, stating that its velocity is immense compared with that of sound. He also describes the Milky Way as Topics in physics that were studied by al-Biruni included hydrostatics and made very accurate measurements of specific weights.
He described the ratios between the densities of gold, mercury, lead, silver, bronze, copper, brass, iron, and tin. Many of al-Biruni's ideas were worked out in discussions and arguments with other scholars. He had a long-standing collaboration with his teacher Abu Nasr Mansur , each asking the other to undertake specific pieces of work to support their own.
He corresponded with Avicenna , in a rather confrontational fashion, about the nature of heat and light. In [ 4 ] , eighteen letters which Avicenna sent to al-Biruni in answer to questions that he had posed are given. These letters cover topics such as philosophy, astronomy and physics. Al-Biruni also corresponded with al-Sijzi.
The paper [ 10 ] contains a letter that al-Biruni wrote to al-Sijzi translated into English in [ 63 ] which contains proofs of both the plane and spherical versions of the sine theorem. Al-Biruni says were due to his teacher Abu Nasr Mansur. Finally we should say a little about the personality of this great scholar. In contrast with the works of many others, we find out a lot about al-Biruni from his writings.
Al biruni biography in english
Despite the fact that no more than one fifth of his works have survived, we get a clear picture of the great scientist. We see a man who was not a great innovator of original theories, mathematical or otherwise, but rather a careful observer who was a leading exponent of the experimental method. He was a great linguist who was able to read first hand an amazing number of the treatises that existed and he clearly saw the development of science as part of a historical process which he is always careful to put in proper context.
His writings are therefore of great interest to historians of science. It appears clear that, despite his many works on astrology, al-Biruni did not believe in the 'science' but used it as a means to support his serious scientific work. A devout Muslim, he did write religious texts to suit his patrons particular sect. He shows no prejudice against different religious sects or races, but he does have strong words to say about various acts they committed.
For example the Arab conquerors of Khwarazm destroyed ancient texts - what sin could be worse than that to the scholar as dedicated to learning and history as was al-Biruni. On the Christian faith al-Biruni considered the doctrine of forgiveness, writing in India [ 1 ] :- Upon my life, this is a noble philosophy, but the people of this world are not all philosophers.
And indeed, ever since Constantine the Victorious became a Christian, both sword and whip have been ever employed. An indication of the sarcasm that he employed against those he saw to be foolish we give the reply that he made to a religious man who objected to the fact that an instrument which al-Biruni was showing him to determine the time for prayers had Byzantine months engraved on it.
Al-Biruni reports in Shadows that he said to him:- The Byzantines also eat food. Then do not imitate them in this! References show. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. I M Muminov ed. H M Said ed. Nauk Tadzhik. SSR Otdel. Nauk 3 89 , 16 - A Abdurahmonov, Some theorems of trigonometry in the works of al-Biruni Uzbek , in Collection dedicated to the th anniversary of the birth of al-Biruni Tashkent, , - History Sci.