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In after three years in South Africa, Gandhi sailed to India to bring his wife and two sons back with him, returning in November. Gandhi's ship was quarantined at the harbor for 23 days, but the real reason for the delay was an angry mob of whites at the dock who believed Gandhi was returning with Indians who would overrun South Africa. Gandhi sent his family to safety, but he was assaulted with bricks, rotten eggs, and fists.
Police escorted him away. Gandhi refuted the claims against him but refused to prosecute those involved. The violence stopped, strengthening Gandhi's prestige. Influenced by the "Gita," Gandhi wanted to purify his life by following the concepts of aparigraha nonpossession and samabhava equitability. The settlement focused on eliminating needless possessions and living in full equality.
Gandhi moved his family and his newspaper, the Indian Opinion , to the settlement. In , believing that family life was detracting from his potential as a public advocate, Gandhi took the vow of brahmacharya abstinence from sex. He simplified his vegetarianism to unspiced, usually uncooked foods—mostly fruits and nuts, which he believed would help quiet his urges.
Gandhi believed that his vow of brahmacharya allowed him the focus to devise the concept of satyagraha in late In the simplest sense, satyagraha is passive resistance, but Gandhi described it as "truth force," or natural right. He believed exploitation was possible only if the exploited and the exploiter accepted it, so seeing beyond the current situation provided power to change it.
In practice, satyagraha is nonviolent resistance to injustice. There would be no winners or losers; all would understand the "truth" and agree to rescind the unjust law. It required all Indians to be fingerprinted and carry registration documents at all times. Indians refused fingerprinting and picketed documentation offices. Protests were organized, miners went on strike, and Indians illegally traveled from Natal to the Transvaal in opposition to the act.
Many protesters, including Gandhi, were beaten and arrested. After seven years of protest, the Black Act was repealed. The nonviolent protest had succeeded. After 20 years in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India. By the time he arrived, press reports of his South African triumphs had made him a national hero.
He traveled the country for a year before beginning reforms. Gandhi found that his fame conflicted with observing conditions of the poor, so he wore a loincloth dhoti and sandals, the garb of the masses, during this journey. In cold weather, he added a shawl. This became his lifetime wardrobe. Gandhi founded another communal settlement in Ahmadabad called Sabarmati Ashram.
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For the next 16 years, Gandhi lived there with his family. He was also given the honorary title of Mahatma, or "Great Soul. Peasants viewed Gandhi as a holy man, but he disliked the title because it implied he was special. He viewed himself as ordinary. After the year ended, Gandhi still felt stifled because of World War I. As part of satyagraha , Gandhi had vowed never to take advantage of an opponent's troubles.
With the British in a major conflict, Gandhi couldn't fight them for Indian freedom. Instead, he used satyagraha to erase inequities among Indians. Gandhi persuaded landlords to stop forcing tenant farmers to pay increased rent by appealing to their morals and fasted to convince mill owners to settle a strike.
Because of Gandhi's prestige, people didn't want to be responsible for his death from fasting. When the war ended, Gandhi focused on the fight for Indian self-rule swaraj. In , the British handed Gandhi a cause: the Rowlatt Act, which gave the British nearly free rein to detain "revolutionary" elements without trial.
Gandhi organized a hartal strike , which began on March 30, Unfortunately, the protest turned violent. Gandhi ended the hartal once he heard about the violence, but more than Indians had died and more than 1, were injured from British reprisals in the city of Amritsar. Sardar Patel led a group of eminent people who went around villages and gave them political advisors and instructions.
The government finally agreed to form an agreement with the farmers and hence the taxes were suspended for the years and and all confiscated properties were returned. He intervened in a dispute between Mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus. The striking workers turned to Anusuiya Sarabai in quest of justice and she contacted Gandhi for help.
During World War I Gandhi sought cooperation from the Muslims in his fight against the British by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had been defeated in the world war. The British passed the Rowlatt act to block the movement. Gandhi called for a nationwide Satyagraha against the act. It was Rowlatt Satyagraha that elevated Gandhi into a national leader.
Rowlatt Satyagraha was against the unjust Rowlatt Act passed by the British. On April 13th, the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. Seeing the violence spread Mahatma Gandhi called off the civil disobedience movement on the 18th of April. Gandhi convinced the congress leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj.
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At the congress session of Nagpur in , the non-cooperation program was adopted. After the non-cooperation movement ended, Gandhi withdrew from the political platform and focused on his social reform work. Gandhi declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law as the law gave the state the Monopoly on the manufacturer and the sale of salt.
Gandhi along with his followers marched from his ashram in Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat where they broke the government law by gathering natural salt and boiling seawater to produce salt.
Gandhi accepted the truce offered by Irwin and called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to attend the second round table conference in London as the representative of the Indian National Congress. But when he returned from London he relaunched the civil disobedience movement but by it had lost its momentum.
This was a pact reached between B. R Ambedkar and Gandhi concerning the communal awards but in the end, strived to achieve a common goal for the upliftment of the marginalized communities of the Indian society. Gandhi returned to active politics in with the Lucknow session of Congress where Jawaharlal Nehru was the president.
The outbreak of World war II and the last and crucial phase of national struggle in India came together. Gandhi was arrested and held at Aga Khan Palace in Pune. During this time his wife Kasturba died after 18 months of imprisonment and in Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack.
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He was released before the end of the war on 6th May World war II was nearing an end and the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indians hence Gandhi called off the struggle and all the political prisoners were released including the leaders of Congress. While he and Congress demanded the British quit India the Muslim league demanded to divide and quit India.
Gandhiji did not celebrate the independence and end of British rule but appealed for peace among his countrymen. He was never in agreement for the country to be partitioned. His demeanour played a key role in pacifying the people and avoiding a Hindu-Muslim riot during the partition of the rest of India.
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Gandhiji was on his way to address a prayer meeting in the Birla House in New Delhi when Nathuram Godse fired three bullets into his chest from close range killing him instantly. Throughout his life, in his principles practices, and beliefs, he always held on to non-violence and simple living. He influenced many great leaders and the nation respectfully addresses him as the father of the nation or Bapu.
R Ambedkar and Gandhiji concerning the communal awards provided for the depressed class but, in the end for the upliftment of the marginalized communities of the Indian society both came on the same understandings. Quit India Movement : The outbreak of World War II in and the last and crucial phase of the national struggle in India came together with the failure of the Cripps Mission in which gave the immediate reason for the launch of the Quit India movement.
Gandhiji demanded British leave India with immediate effect. He called for a mass movement that was followed by non-violence. Most of the major leaders of Congress including Mahatma Gandhi were arrested. Mahatma Gandhi developed a set of religious and social ideas initially during his period in South Africa from to and later during the freedom struggle movement in India.
Major Gandhian ideologies are as follows. Nonviolence is an active love, that is, the polar opposite of violence, in every sense. Nonviolence or love can be considered the highest law of humankind. Satyagraha It is a method of getting our rights through nonviolent action, that is, through self-suffering and penance instead of inflicting injury on others.
It refers to the exercise or practice of the purest soul force against all injustice, oppression, and exploitation. The origin of Satyagraha can be seen in the Upanishads, and also in the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira, and other greats including Tolstoy and Ruskin. January 30th commemorates the 76th death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, the revered father of the nation, assassinated by Nathuram Godse in On that fateful day in , Godse fatally shot Gandhi as he headed to a prayer meeting.
The day is marked by nationwide prayers, government officials, and citizens gathering at memorials to honour freedom fighters. Rituals include a two-minute silence to reflect on the sacrifices made by martyrs.
Biography of mahatma gandhi hindi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[c] (2 October – 30 January ) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. He came to India in to attend the meeting of Indian National Congress, after which he went back to South Africa again. My objective is to provide clear, concise, and informative content that caters to your exam preparation needs. In November , the year-old Gandhi graduated from high school in Ahmedabad.
Mahatma Gandhi received his early education in Porbandar and later in Rajkot, where his father worked as a Dewan. Although he did not demonstrate exceptional academic ability, his family and teachers recognized his natural curiosity and passion for learning. His Hindu mother, a religious woman of great spiritual power, played a pivotal role in instilling values such as truth, compassion, and self-restraint in the young Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
In , Gandhi embarked on a journey to London to study law in college at the University of London. Initially, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi faced difficulties in adjusting to the new environment, which affected her learning. However, he soon became more interested in religious and philosophical works of different cultures and beliefs.
In , Gandhiji embarked on a journey to South Africa, initially on account of the legal case of the plaintiff, Dada Abdullah. Little did he know that this migration would become a pivotal chapter in the history of his life and human rights. When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi arrived in South Africa, he faced the harsh reality of apartheid, a system of racial discrimination targeting blacks and Indians, and the injustices he witnessed stirred in him a deep sense of responsibility.
Instead of returning to India, Mahatma Gandhi chose to stay in South Africa, determined to inspire and empower Indian communities to fight for their rights. Mahatma Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress during this phase, to unite various Indian groups in South Africa to disseminate information and promote unity among Indians.
During this crucial phase, Gandhi introduced the concept of Satyagraha, which advocated non-violent resistance against injustice. He established Tolstoy Farm as a shelter for satyagrahi families. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and his followers faced imprisonment for their acts. After an unwavering commitment and several negotiations, an agreement was finally reached.
The government agreed to address the major grievances of Indian communities and promised a more compassionate approach to immigration. The lessons Mahatma Gandhi would learn and the principles established in the anti-apartheid struggle would become an integral part of his philosophy of nonviolent protest and social justice, shaping the course of history in South Africa and India.
In , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned to his native land, India, and became actively involved in the Indian nationalist movement. In Ahmedabad, Mahatma Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram, where his followers could embrace the principles of truth and non-violence that he held in high esteem. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi began passive resistance or civil disobedience in response to the fact that these peasants were subject to the tinkatia system which required them to grow indigo on a large portion of their land.
Prominent leaders like Rajendra Prasad and Anugraha Narayan Sinha joined him to advocate for the rights of indigo farmers. Kheda in Gujarat had suffered a severe drought in , leaving them unable to pay exorbitant taxes imposed by the British due to crop failures and epidemic outbreaks Mahatma Gandhi rallied around these farmers afterwards and demanded that the proceeds be withheld.
Eventually, the government relented and adopted a policy of tax exemptions in and and the re-admission of confiscated properties. Intervened in a dispute between mill owners and workers in cutting epidemic wages. He urged them to beat them without resorting to violence and began a fast unto death. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned to India in and took an active part in the Indian National Congress, a movement dedicated to Indian independence.
It became a larger movement and more involved in all sections of society. The movement was a spectacular success. It forced the British government to make concessions, including the release of political prisoners and the repeal of the Rowlatt Act, a law that gave the British the right to imprison individuals without trial.
Nevertheless, the group witnessed a few riots, especially the Chauri Chaura incident. In the process, a group of protesters set fire to a police station, leaving 22 police officers tragically dead. In response to these riots, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi acted to end the Movement in , as he felt that the riots went against his creed of non-violence but that the movement had already aroused a surge in nationalist interest in India, which paved the way for subsequent campaigns.
The main goal of the campaign was to oppose the British salt tax, a symbol of British subjugation. Accompanied by a group of devoted followers, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi embarked on a mile journey from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi. There, they ignored British law by extracting salt from seawater. This seemingly simple act of salt-making was illegal under British rule, a direct affront to British sovereignty.
The Salt Satyagraha proved a great success, capturing the hearts and minds of the Indian people.